Cell damage Cell damage can occur as a result of a negative effect that disrupts the normal balance of damaged cells. Cell damage has many causes, and can be due to physical, chemical, biological, nutritional or immune factors. Cell damage can be temporary or irreversible. Depending on the extent of the injury, the cellular response may be adaptive to this damage. Wherever possible, balance is restored. But when the injury is severe, cell death occurs. Cell death is relative to each of a- the length of exposure to a harmful stimulus b- the severity of the damage inflicted to the cell. Cell death has two ways, either through necrosis or programmed cell death.
the reasons
Physical factors such as heat or radiation cause cell damage as they lead to coagulation of cell contents. Impaired nutrients, such as a lack of oxygen or glucose, or reduced production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) may deprive the cell of essential substances needed for its survival.
Dangerous locations in the cell
DNA
In human cells, either normal metabolic activities or environmental factors such as UV rays and other rays can cause DNA damage, resulting in at least one million individual molecular lesions of the cell daily.
Cell membrane
Damage to the cell membrane affects the state of the exchange of ions to and from the cell such as calcium, magnesium and sodium, for example, when calcium is increased, the cell tends to die by apoptosis
Types of cell damage
The cell can recover after damage once the stress is removed or if compensatory cellular changes occur. The cells may return to full function, but in some cases there will still be an effect that depends on the degree of injury.
semi-lethal
The cell may then recover.
cellular swelling
Cell swelling may occur due to cellular hypoxia, which affects the exchange of sodium and potassium across the cell membrane. This damage can recover from the cell when the cause is eliminated. Cellular swelling is the first symptom of cell injury, when it affects many cells in the organ, it causes some pallor, increased swelling, and an increase in the weight of the organ. While on microscopy, small visible vacuoles can be seen within the cytoplasm. Which in turn represent bulging and pinched segments of the endoplasmic reticulum. This type of non-fatal injury is called a hy ic change or vacuolar degeneration. Structural changes of non-fatal cell injury include microvilli distortion • loosening of intercellular attachment areas as well as changes Mitochondria and the dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum.
sebaceous disorder
When cells are damaged, they are unable to adequately metabolize fats, resulting in the accumulation of small fat vacuoles and becoming dispersed within the cytoplasm. Mild lipid perturbation may have no effect on cell function But a fatty disorder can affect and impair cell functions. For example, the enlargement of hepatocytes as a result of a fatty attack may press on the adjacent bile canaliculi, which in turn leads to cholestasis. Depending on the cause and severity of the fat accumulation, a fatty disorder is damage from which the cell can generally recover.
killer
The cell never recovers from it
caries
Cell necrosis is characterized by swelling of the cytoplasm, irreparable damage to the plasma membrane, and organelle breakdown leading to cell death. Fragmentation of the nucleus and the smashing of chromatin into irregular granules is called karyolysis. Whereas, the components of the cell that are broken leak through the damaged plasma membrane out of the cell, leading to the so-called inflammatory response.
types of necrosis
Thrombotic necrosis
fluid necrosis
coagulopathy
fatty coagulation
Fibroid necrosis
gangrene necrosis
Apoptosis
It is the programmed death of cells that are not important or can be harmful to the body. It is an energy-dependent process mediated by proteolytic enzymes (caspases), which leads to cell death by cleaving and destroying certain proteins in the cytoplasm and nucleus. to rapid phagocytosis by immune cells (macrophage) or neighboring cells. In contrast to the aforementioned necrotic cell death, neighboring cells are not damaged in this type of death since the cell organelles and their products are safely isolated by the cell membrane. In the average adult, about 50 and 70 billion cells die every day with this type of death. When this type of death is inhibited, it can lead to cancers, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, and viral infections. In contrast, this type of cell death excessively can lead to nerve diseases, blood diseases, and tissue damage.
cell repair
When cells are damaged, the body will try to repair or replace a cell to continue its normal functions. But if the cell dies, the body will have to remove it and replace it with another healthy cell, or fill the gap with connective tissue to provide structural support for the healthy remaining cells. The goal of the repair process is to fill the gap caused by damaged cells for structural support. Normal cells are always
