Congenital heart disease, also known as congenital heart defect or congenital heart disease, is a defect in the structure of the heart or large blood vessels that occurs from birth. Signs and symptoms depend on the specific type of defect. There may be no symptoms or it may be present and be life-threatening. Symptoms, if present, can include rapid breathing, bluish skin (cyanosis), slow weight gain, and feeling tired. Congenital heart disease does not cause chest pain.
Most congenital heart diseases are not associated with other diseases. One of the complications of congenital heart disease is heart failure.
The cause of congenital heart disease is often unknown.
Risk factors include some infections during pregnancy such as German measles, the use of certain medications or drugs such as alcohol or tobacco, consanguineous marriage, or the presence of malnutrition or obesity in the mother. Having a parent with congenital heart disease is also a risk factor.
Some genetic conditions are linked to heart disease, including Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Marfan syndrome. Congenital heart diseases are divided into two main groups: cyanotic heart disease and cyanotic heart disease, depending on the possibility of bluish skin in the child. Defects may involve the inner walls of the heart, heart valves, or large blood vessels that supply or exit the heart.
Congenital heart disease can be partially prevented by administering the rubella vaccine, adding iodine to salt, and adding folic acid to some food products. Some diseases do not require treatment. Others may be treated effectively with catheterization procedures or heart surgery.
Sometimes a number of operations may be needed, or a heart transplant may be needed. With appropriate treatment, results are generally good, even with complex problems.
Congenital heart disease is the most common congenital disease.
In 2015, about 48.9 million people were infected worldwide. It affects between 4-75 people per 1,000 live births, depending on how they are diagnosed. 6-19 per 1,000 people develop moderate to severe health problems. Congenital heart diseases are the leading cause of congenital heart disease-related deaths: in 2015, these diseases caused 300,300 deaths, down from 366,000 deaths in 1990.
Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms depend on the type and severity of heart disease. Symptoms often appear early in life, but some congenital heart diseases may not be detected during life. Some children do not show symptoms, while others may exhibit shortness of breath, cyanosis, fainting,
Heart murmur (heart murmur), poor limb and muscle development, malnutrition or growth defect, or respiratory infections. Congenital heart disease causes a defect in the structure of the heart that results in the production of certain sounds called a heart murmur. It can sometimes be detected by auscultation. However, not all heart murmurs are caused by congenital heart disease.
Associated cases
Congenital heart disease is associated with an increased incidence of seven other specific medical conditions, together called Factrel syndrome:
Defects in the vertebrae
Anal atresia
Cardiovascular defects
Bronchoesophageal fistula
Esophageal atresia
Defects of the kidney and/or radius
Defects in the limbs
Ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, and tetralogy of Fallot are the most common congenital heart defects seen in Factrel syndrome. Less common defects in the syndrome include truncus arteriosus and inversion of the great arteries.
the reasons
The cause of congenital heart disease may be genetic, environmental, or a combination of the two.
Genetics
Genetic mutations, often sporadic, represent the largest known cause of congenital heart disease.
treatment
Congenital heart diseases may require surgery and medications. Medications include diuretics, which help the body get rid of water and salts, and digoxin, to strengthen heart contraction. This slows the heartbeat and removes some fluid from the tissues. Some diseases require surgeries to restore blood circulation to normal and in some cases, multiple surgeries are needed.
Many people need lifelong specialized heart care, first with a pediatric cardiologist and then with an adult congenital cardiologist. There are more than 1.8 million adults with congenital heart disease.
